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任见：基督教与西方文化的嬗变（节选）

后山书苑

任见：基督教与西方文化的嬗变（节选）

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与既有的罗马民族宗教相比，基督教是一神的、面向全人类的、世界性的和理智的宗教，将爱上帝作为最高理想。

犹太教的一神论是犹太人最基本的戒律：“以色列，你要听，耶和华，我们神，是独一的主。你要尽心、尽性、尽力爱耶和华你的神”。“你要敬畏耶和华你的神，侍奉他，指着他的名起誓。不可随从别神”，“因为在你们中间的耶和华神，是忌邪的神”。

基督教继承了犹太宗教文化，创造了自己的经典，仍将一神论作为第一要紧的戒命：“神是独一的主”。并要认识主所差来的耶稣基督，“万物都是藉着他有的，我们也是藉着他有的”。

基督教在宗教仪式或曰祈祷文化方面是理性的、精神的。它已从罗马传统宗教复杂的献祭仪式和烦琐的清规戒律转向内心信仰的领域。因为“神是灵，所以拜他的，必须用心灵和诚实拜他”。

展开剩余 78 %

朝拜与认识神相联系。“在信徒们看来，一切时代的、一切人的罪恶，都可以通过一个中间的一次伟大自愿牺牲而永远赎掉。这样一来，以后就没有必要再做任何牺牲，许许多多的宗教礼仪，也就随之失去依据；而摆脱这些妨碍或禁止与异教徒交往的礼仪，则是世界宗教的首要条件”。

这种强调精神的“人神交往”和“虔诚的心”的理性化特征，成了区别古代宗教与现代信仰的重要标志。

随着基督教由犹太人到“外邦人”的广泛传播，由贫穷的下层群众逐步扩展到富有的、有教养的上层人士，由城市发展到农村，旧罗马传统的道德规范、民族精神、尚武的风格受到致命的冲击，乃至渐渐削弱或蜕变。

历时几个世纪的这一循序渐进的过程，是基督教在继承希腊罗马文化的基础上形成新颖独特的新文化并最终成为罗马帝国的主体文化的过程，它完成时，西方古典文明也就衰亡了。

2017.10

后山，另名任见，有《西欧史传》（6卷）《大唐上阳》（10卷）《牡丹传奇》（10卷）《洛阳城》（15卷）等著作。