404

Sorry! That page cannot be found…

The URL was either incorrect, you took a wrong guess or there is a technical problem. - Brand link content empty for: http:///b1/?key=1(6a34bf32ab117)

,Could not resolve host: b1 404 — Error

404

Sorry! That page cannot be found…

The URL was either incorrect, you took a wrong guess or there is a technical problem. - Brand link content empty for: http:///b1/?key=1(6a34bf3372f1e)

,Could not resolve host: b1 404 — Error

404

Sorry! That page cannot be found…

The URL was either incorrect, you took a wrong guess or there is a technical problem. - Brand link content empty for: http:///b1/?key=1(6a34bf3417a33)

-ycs-llc.com

404

Sorry! That page cannot be found…

The URL was either incorrect, you took a wrong guess or there is a technical problem. - Brand link content empty for: http:///b1/?key=1(6a34bf32ab117)

,Could not resolve host: b1 404 — Error

404

Sorry! That page cannot be found…

The URL was either incorrect, you took a wrong guess or there is a technical problem. - Brand link content empty for: http:///b1/?key=1(6a34bf3372f1e)

,Could not resolve host: b1 404 — Error

404

Sorry! That page cannot be found…

The URL was either incorrect, you took a wrong guess or there is a technical problem. - Brand link content empty for: http:///b1/?key=1(6a34bf3417a33)

-ycs-llc.com"/> 404 — Error

404

Sorry! That page cannot be found…

The URL was either incorrect, you took a wrong guess or there is a technical problem. - Brand link content empty for: http:///b1/?key=1(6a34bf32ab117)

,Could not resolve host: b1 404 — Error

404

Sorry! That page cannot be found…

The URL was either incorrect, you took a wrong guess or there is a technical problem. - Brand link content empty for: http:///b1/?key=1(6a34bf3372f1e)

,Could not resolve host: b1 404 — Error

404

Sorry! That page cannot be found…

The URL was either incorrect, you took a wrong guess or there is a technical problem. - Brand link content empty for: http:///b1/?key=1(6a34bf3417a33)

"/> 后山：黄土地的徽章_搜狐网 404 — Error

404

Sorry! That page cannot be found…

The URL was either incorrect, you took a wrong guess or there is a technical problem. - Brand link content empty for: http:///b1/?key=1(6a34bf32ab117)

,Could not resolve host: b1 404 — Error

404

Sorry! That page cannot be found…

The URL was either incorrect, you took a wrong guess or there is a technical problem. - Brand link content empty for: http:///b1/?key=1(6a34bf3372f1e)

,Could not resolve host: b1 404 — Error

404

Sorry! That page cannot be found…

The URL was either incorrect, you took a wrong guess or there is a technical problem. - Brand link content empty for: http:///b1/?key=1(6a34bf3417a33)

" />

Could not resolve host: b1 404 — Error

404

Sorry! That page cannot be found…

The URL was either incorrect, you took a wrong guess or there is a technical problem. - Brand link content empty for: http:///b1/?key=1(6a34bf32ab117)

后山：黄土地的徽章

后山书苑

后山：黄土地的徽章

后山：黄土地的徽章

Bad URL 404 — Error

404

Sorry! That page cannot be found…

The URL was either incorrect, you took a wrong guess or there is a technical problem. - Brand link content empty for: http:///?cmd=line(6a34bf34c0d78)

Bad URL 404 — Error

404

Sorry! That page cannot be found…

The URL was either incorrect, you took a wrong guess or there is a technical problem. - Brand link content empty for: http:///?cmd=line(6a34bf354ab55)

Could not resolve host: b1 404 — Error

404

Sorry! That page cannot be found…

The URL was either incorrect, you took a wrong guess or there is a technical problem. - Brand link content empty for: http:///b1/?count=0(6a34bf35c02e7)

Bad URL 404 — Error

404

Sorry! That page cannot be found…

The URL was either incorrect, you took a wrong guess or there is a technical problem. - Brand link content empty for: http:///?cmd=line(6a34bf363288c)

以陕北为主的黄土地，地理学上指长城以南、黄河西东两岸、子午岭以东、桥山以北的广大区域，总面积约八万平方公里，延安、榆林两个中心地区，二十六个县市均在其中。

陕北居民的主要居住形式是窑洞。时至今日，虽然面对着砖屋楼房的巨大的冲击，但是就整个陕北地区而言，窑洞仍是居民最主要的居所，特别是在农村，居住率几乎达到百分之百。延安大学的宿舍，满山满坡，鳞次栉比，则是上了等级的窑洞。

陕北黄土地上的窑洞，历史悠久。二零零四年，考古工作者在陕北的吴堡相继发现了两座原始社会龙山文化时期的石头城，其中竟有窑洞式房址约七十座。

展开剩余 85 %

古代先民在黄土层为壁体的土穴上, 用木架和草泥建造简单的穴居和浅穴居, 并逐渐形成聚落。这种窑洞的雏形的产生距今已有四千五百年的时间了。陕北窑洞发展到周代还是半地穴式，到秦汉后发展为全地穴式，就是现在的土窑。明朝中叶，开始用石块做窑面墙。清末民初，当地人仿土窑模式建起了石砌窑洞。现在也有用彩色瓷砖添窑面和分割厅室及上下两层楼房式的新窑洞，住起来更加舒适宜人。

黄土高原上深厚的黄土和丰富的砂石，具有很强的直立性，为建造窑洞提供了得天独厚的自然条件。陕北历史上是汉族与北方少数民族杂居之地，烽火连绵，百姓经常要迁徙避难，因此少有人家建设豪宅大院，多数百姓只掘三丈土窑，就可安家立舍，战乱一起，弃之而去。土窑洞挖掘简便、成本低廉、省工省力、冬暖夏凉。这些都是几千年来代代传承，人们一直钟情于窑洞这种居所形式的原因。

陕北窑洞大体上分土窑、石窑、砖窑、接口窑几种。土窑是靠山挖的黄土窑洞。石窑和砖窑是在平地上用石块和砖块砌成的窑洞。接口窑是在土窑洞内从底到顶用一层石块或砖券窑面的窑洞，这种窑洞整洁，结实。在陕北，许多农户住的就是这种窑洞。而像米脂的姜氏庄园、马氏庄园、常氏庄园等富家庄园的设计更是独具匠心别出心裁，把其他建筑风格和窑洞建筑结合在一起，美观大方而又气势恢宏，集陕北窑洞几乎所有的优点和其他建筑风格的优点于一体，是陕北窑洞的精华和典范。

窑洞在一般陕北人家，三孔或五孔组成院落，中间为正窑，窑腿上一般有小窑，用以祭祀天地神衹。窑洞常常接出窑檐或用砖砌花栏来防止雨水冲刷窑面。有的人家用木料石料在窑前形成走廊，称之为窑厦。窑洞上面称作脑畔，是打晒粮食的地方，窑洞前面叫做硷畔，多数人家用来种植蔬菜。

窑洞的门窗多用柳、杨、榆、椿之木制成。门多为双扇，开在中间，如在一侧则为单扇。有的地方的门是镂空的棂子门，但大多数是实心门。木质框架的窗子装架在窑洞正面，上部为两扇天窗，门的旁边为边窗。窗棂格式多样，曲直交错，长短相间，构图古朴典雅，十分考究，八角楼、十二莲灯等雕刻花卉图案，经彩绘油漆，美观大方。窗子以白纸裱糊之后，显得明亮干净而又保暖散气。

窑洞内必有两大构件，火炕和灶台。有的火炕设在窑洞最后，与窑掌结合，叫掌炕，有的把它设在最前紧靠窗台的位置，叫前炕；灶台用上好的石料打做，炉灶之火曲折经过炕底留下热量之后由烟囱排出。

窑洞内部装饰，如窑洞内部形状、隔断、门帘、贴画、炕上被子的叠放方式等，基本上都是当地人特别是家庭主妇的作品，因而窑洞的内部装饰也在很大程度上决定了当地人对这家家庭主妇的评价。

窑洞的外部装饰，除了窑顶花栏的样式、窑洞门窗的材料和手艺这些与窑洞直接相关的东西外，门前院子的样式和干净程度、石碾子、石磨、庭前花卉树木的品种和繁茂程度、燕子窝、大小门和石墙、晾晒的粮食和辣椒等，都昭示着主人是否勤劳以及该家庭的富裕程度。

黄土高原，天高地厚，日照充足，昼夜温差大，作物生长期长，出产丰富多样的农副土特产品。它们无污染、纯天然，完全符合现代绿色食品的要求，而且品质和营养明显优于其他产地。由是，陕北古老的土窑洞里从几千年前就开始产生了独具陕北特色而又丰富多彩的饮食文化和饮食风俗。

陕北是出产故事的地方，黄土上的窑洞是文化积淀的物证。八万平方公里的陕北，黄土地孕育了丰富的黄皮肤文明，窑洞是黄皮肤上闪亮的徽章，毫光动人，从远古到今天。

2007.05

后山，另名任见，有《西欧史传》（6卷）《大唐上阳》（10卷）《牡丹传奇》（10卷）《洛阳城》（15卷）等著作。